Group+14

​ ​ Madi M. Group 14 of the Periodic Table   **__ Group 14 contains the following: __**** Silicon, Carbon, Lead, Germanium,Tin,and Ununquadium. ** ** __Silicon-Si__ **Silicon was first identified by a man named Antoine Lavoisier, in 1787, and was later mistaken by Humphry Davy, in 1800, for a compound. In 1824, Jons Jacob Berzelius had been given the credit for discovering the element Silicon. The element makes up approximately 25.3-28.0% of the earths crust, making it second in abundance, oxygen is first. It is mostly found in, sand, rock, crystals, quartz, amethysts, and flint.

**__Chemical & Physical Properties__** 24Si 25Si 28Si (most abundant) 29Si 30Si    ​
 * Silicon is a solid
 * Has very metallic luster
 * Very brittle
 * dark Grey with a bluish tinge
 * Metalloid
 * <span style="color: #7f16da; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Atomic Number: 14
 * <span style="color: #7f16da; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Atomic Mass:28.0855
 * <span style="color: #7f16da; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Density:2.33 g/cm³
 * <span style="color: #7f16da; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Freezing point:1414°C
 * <span style="color: #7f16da; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Boiling point:2.9x10³°C
 * <span style="color: #7f16da; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Isotopes: 5
 * <span style="color: #7f16da; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #7f16da; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">__Isotopes↓__ <span style="color: #00ffff; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">[[image:424px-Silicon_svg.png width="355" height="392" align="right" caption="Silicon"]]
 * <span style="color: #7f16da; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;">Compounds and their uses: **C****alcium Silicate** has a number of uses in industry. These uses are usually in building materials, such as some types of glass and cement, bricks and tiles for roofs, fireproof ceilings, and building boards. About 1.1 million metric tons of S**odium Silicate** was produced in the United States in 2004. The primary application for the compound is in the manufacture of soaps and detergents.
 * <span style="color: #7f16da; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;">Electron Configurati <span style="color: #7f16da; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">on:[Ne]3s²3p²
 * <span style="color: #7f16da; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Conductivity: Electrical- 2.52 10^6/cm
 * <span style="color: #7f16da; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Malleability: not malleable
 * <span style="color: #7f16da; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Ductility: it is a semi-metal so no it is not ductile

Uses: Silicon is used to make many electronic devices. These usually include intrigued circuits, computer chips, and solar cells mostly because it is a good semi-conductor. <span style="color: #7f16da; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">**__FUN FACT!__** Did you know, that Silicon also presents in stars and the main part of a certain group of meteorites called //aerolites?//

<span style="color: #ff8b00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 145%; text-align: left;">**__ Carbon-C __** <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;">​ <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Carbon has been known since the ancient times although it was not recognized as an element till much later. Antoine Lavoisier named carbon and he carried out early experiments to reveal its nature. It is a non-metal.

<span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">**__Physical & Chemical Properties__**​

<span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;"> <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;">C-12 - 98.9% in abundancy <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 196%;">
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Carbon is a solid
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Color- black (graphite), colorless (diamond) <span style="color: #7f16da; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;">
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Non-metal <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 189%;">
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Atomic number: 6
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Atomic mass: 12.011
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Density: 2.25g/cm
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">freezing point: 3652°
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Boiling point:4827°C
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Isotopes: 3(1 stable isotope)
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s2p2
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Conductivity: thermal 119-665 graphite 900-2300 diamond
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Ductility:non ductile
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Malleability:non malleable
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Compounds and their uses: **Calcium Carbide** is used in carbide lamps which used to be used by miners and are still often used by those exploring caves. **Carbon Monoxide** is a very important industrial compound. In the form of producer gas or water gas, it is widely used as a fuel in industrial operation.
 * <span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">solubility: At room temperature, the solubility of carbon is bout 90 cm3 of CO2 per 100 mL in water.

<span style="color: #ff8b00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Uses: Some uses for Carbon are steel and filters. <span style="color: #7f16da; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;"> <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">​**__Lead-Pb__** ​ <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">​Lead was, like Carbon, discovered by the ancients. Lead was probably the oldest lead artifact is a figure made about 3000 BC. The Alchemists believed it to be the oldest metal and to be associated with the planet Saturn. Lead is metal. <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 196%;"> <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">**__Physical & Chemical Properties__** <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 196%;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;"> >> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 169.4%;">**Lead dioxide** is a brown material that is used in lead-acid storage batteries. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 196%;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;"> Uses: It is used for producing " Crystal glass" and "Flint glass". I <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">t is <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">also used to solder and shield against radiation, and batteries __<span style="color: #08e286; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">Germanium-Ge __<span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 196%;"> <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Germanium was discovered by Clemens Winkler, a German chemist, in 1886. The element is a Metalloid. Less abundant than Tin or Lead. <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 196%;"> <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;"><span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 196%;">
 * bluish white color
 * solid
 * very soft
 * highly malleable
 * ductile
 * poor conductor to electricity<span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">
 * <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Atomic number: 82
 * ==<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Atomic mass: 207.2 ==
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Density: 11.34 g/cm3
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Melting Point: °C
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Boiling Point: 1755 °C
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Isotopes: 4 (stable isotopes)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">204Pb (1.48%), 206Pb (23.6%), 207Pb (22.6), 208Pb (52.3%)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Compounds & their uses: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">**<span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Lead nitrate ** <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">is used to make fireworks and other pyrotechnics.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Electronic Configuration: 1s2 2s2p6 3s2p6d10 4s2p6d10f14 5s2p6d10 6s2p2
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">conductivity: thermal 35.3
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">solubility: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 196%;"> <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">When heated with nitrates of alkali metals, metallic lead oxidizes to form PbO (also known as litharge), leaving the corresponding alkali nitrate. PbO is representative of lead's +2 oxidation state. It is soluble in nitric and acetic acids, from which solutions it is possible to precipitate Halide, sulfate, Chromate, carbonate (PbCO3), and basic carbonate ( Pb3(OH)2(CO3)2) salts of lead.<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">
 * __Physical & Chemical Properties:__**
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Germanium is hard, a solid
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Very lusterous <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 196%;">
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">A gray-white color
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Brittle
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Has diamond crystal structure
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Atomic number: 32
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Atomic mass:72.59 <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 294%;">[[image:424px-Germanium_svg.png width="360" height="405" align="right" caption="electronic configuration of germanium"]] <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 196%;">
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Density: %.3 g/cm³ at 20°C<span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Melting Point: 937°C
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Boiling Point: 2830°C <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 196%;">
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Isotopes: <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;"> 5
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Isotope + How Abundant
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Ge-70 - 20.52%
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Ge-72 - 27.43% <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 294%;">
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Ge-73 - 7.76%
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Ge-74 - 36.54% <span style="color: #0031ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 294%;">
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Ge-76 - 7.76%
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Compounds and their uses: <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 210%;"> **<span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 70%;">Germanium tetrahydride. ** <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Because of its thermal lability, germane is used in the semiconductor industry for the epitaxial growth of germanium by MOVPE or chemical beam epit axey.
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Electronic configuration: <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p2
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Solubility: <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">The quinolyl organic **germanium** ester possesses better **water solubility** and fat **solubility** <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 210%;">. <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Conductivity: thermal 60.2
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Malleability: is malleable
 * <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Ductility: is ductile

<span style="color: #08e286; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">Uses: Mainly used in transistors and itrigrated circuits. <span style="color: #ffd500; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">__**\ Tin-Ti**__ <span style="color: #db1414; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">The element Tin was Discovered by ancients, the date and place are unknown. It is a solid and a metal. __**Physical & Chemical Properties**__ Atomic number: 50 Atomic mass: 118.71 Density: 7.31 g/cc Conductivity:**Electrical:** 0.0917 1 Boiling point: 2270°C Freezing Point:232.06°C Solubility: Elementary tin does not dissolve in water under normal conditions (T = 20oC and pressure = 1 bar). Most tin compounds do not dissolve in water either, examples include tin (IV) oxide, tin (II) hydroxide, tin (IV) sulphide and tributyltin (TBT). Other tin compounds such as tin (II) chloride are water soluble. Organotin compounds are relatively badly water soluble, but may adsorb to sediments. Malleability: very malleable Ductility: moderatly ductile Isotopes: Sn-112- 0.96 Sn-114- 0.66 Sn-115- 0.35 Sn-116- 14.30 Electronic Configuration: 1s2 2s2p6 3s2p6d10 4s2p6d10 5s2p2 <span style="color: #1ac11a; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">
 * Thermal:** 0.666

Uses: Tin is used as a coating for steel cans. It is also used in manufacture of superconductiong magnets.​

​<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">

Ununquadium- Uuq Was discovered by Dubna (Joint institute for nuclear research) in Russia, January,1999, Pretty recent. Atomic number: 114 Atomic mass: 289 electron configuration: 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2 state @ room temp: Solid Ununquadium is expected to have properties similar to those of lead and tin. Ununquadium does not have any known application and little is known about it. Does not occur naturally on earth, is entirly synthesized in laboratories. Has extremly short life (21 seconds) no pictures could be found. Stable isotopes Uuq-285 Uuq-286 Uuq-287 Uuq-288 Uuq -289 Fun Fact: currently, the identification of element 114 is yet to be confirmed. As only about three atoms of element 114 has ever been made

[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/PDF/CarbonDioxide.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead#Chemistry
 * __Bibliography__**