Lanthanide+Series

Christine C. __Lanthanide Series__ Chemically related rare-earth elements with properties very similar to Lanthanum. The elements included in this series are Cerium, Praseodymium, Neodymium, Promethium, Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium, Terbium, Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, and Lutetium. They're soft silvery-white metals, they have very high boiling and melting points, and these elements are very reactive. The Lanthanide Series has 8 electrons in its outer shell.  __Lanthanum__ •Rare-earth element. •Soft, silvery, white, malleable, and ductile. • Made from Monazite, Bastnasite minerals. • Used in glass manufacture and when it's combined with other rare-earth elements in Carbon it can be used for lights for movies and television studio lighting.

 **__Elements-__**  Cerium- • Symbol-Ce • Atomic Number-58 • Atomic Mass-140.1 • Isotopes-Ce-136, Ce-138, Ce-140, Ce-142

Praseodymium- 

•Symbol-Pr •Atomic Number-59 •Atomic Mass-140.9 •Isotopes-Pr-141 Neodymium- •Symbol-Nd •Atomic Number-60 •Atomic Mass-144.2 •Isotopes-Nd-142, Nd-143, Nd-145, Nd-146, Nd-148  Promethium-  •Symbol-Pm •Atomic Number-61 •Atomic Mass-145 •Isotopes-Pm-145, Pm-146, Pm-147, Pm-148 Samarium- •Symbol-Sm •Atomic Number-62 •Atomic Mass-150.4 •Isotopes-Sm-144, Sm-150, Sm-152, Sm-154 <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 133.2%; text-align: center;">Europium- <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 111%; text-align: center;"> •Symbol-Eu •Atomic Number-63 •Atomic Mass-152 •Isotopes-Eu-151, Eu-153 <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 133.2%; text-align: center;">Gadolinium- <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 121%; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 108.9%; text-align: center;">•Symbol-Gd •Atomic Number-64 •Atomic Mass-157.2 •Isotopes-Gd-154, Gd-155, Gd-156, Gd-157, Gd-158, Gd-160 <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 133.1%; text-align: center;">Terbium- <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 121%; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 108.9%; text-align: center;">•Symbol-Tb •Atomic Number-65 •Atomic Mass-158.9 •Isotopes-Tb-159 Dysprosium- •Symbol-Dy •Atomic Number-66 •Atomic Mass-162.5 •Isotopes-Dy-156, Dy-158, Dy-160, Dy-16, Dy-162, Dy-163, Dy-164 Holmium- •Symbol-Ho •Atomic Number-67 •Atomic Mass-164.9 •Isotopes-Ho-165 <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> Erbium- <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 108%; text-align: center;">•Symbol-Er •Atomic Number-68 •Atomic Mass-167.3 •Isotopes-Er-162, Er-164, Er-166, Er-167, Er-168, Er-170 <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Thulium- <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 108%; text-align: center;">•Symbol-Tm •Atomic Number-69 •Atomic Mass-168.9 •Isotopes-Tm-169 Per Teoder Cleve discovered Thulium in 1879 along with Holmium. Per Teoder Cleve discovered it in Sweden. __**PHYSICAL PROPERTIES**__ •Thulium is not a good conductor. •Thulium is a solid at room temperature. •Density of Thulium-9.32 g/cm. •Thulium is very ductile and malleable. •Thulium isn't very soluble. •Boiling Point-1947ºC •Melting Point-1545ºC •Freezing Point-1545ºC •**Thulium tarnishes in air and it burns at 150 º C to form Thulium Oxide. •Thulium isn't flammable but Thulium dust is. •Thulium reacts slowly with cold water and quickly with hot water. •Thulium is used in the making of ceramic magnetic materials which is used in microwaves, X-ray equipment, and alloys which is a partial solid solution for one or more elements in a metallic matrix. __**Fun Fact**__ •Named after Thule, an ancient Roman name for a mythical country in the far north.
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Ytterbium- <span style="color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 108%; text-align: center;">•Symbol-Yb •Atomic Number-70 •Atomic Mass-1773 •Isotopes-Yb-168, Yb-170, Yb-171, Yb-172, Yb-173, Yb-174, Yb-176 Ytterbium was discovered by Jean-Charles-Galinard de Marginac in 1878. He named it after the town Ytterby, Sweden which is the first place a rare-earth mineral was found. •Ytterbium is not a good conductor. •Ytterbium is a solid at room temperature. •Density of Ytterbium is 6.90 g/cm. •Ytterbium is soft, malleable and ductile. •Ytterbium isn't very soluble. •Boiling Point-1194ºC •Melting Point-824ºC •Freezing Point-82 °C __**CHEMICAL PROPERTIES**__ •Ytterbium tarnishes slowly in air and burns at 200 ° C to form Ytterbium Oxide. •Ytterbium isn't flammable but Ytterbium dust is. •Ytterbium reacts slowly with cold water and quickly with hot water. •Ytterbium is used in lasers, and an isotope is used as a radiation source for a portable X-Ray machine where electricity is unavailable. __**Fun Fact**__ •The Physical and Chemical Properties of Ytterbium are very alike Calcium properties.
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Lutetium- •Symbol-Lu •Atomic Number-71 •Atomic Mass-175 •Isotopes-Lu-175 Lutetium was discovered by Carl Auer von Welsbach and Georges Urbain. It was found in Lutetia which is an ancient Roman name for Paris. It was founded in 1907-1908. __**PHYSICAL PROPERTIES**__ •Lutetium is not a good conductor. •Lutetium is a solid at room temperature. •Density of Lutetium is 9.85 g/cm. •Lutetium is a silvery white metal. It's the hardest and heaviest out of all the rare-earth elements. •Lutetium isn't very soluble. •Boiling Point-3395ºC •Melting Point-1663ºC •Freezing Point-1663ºC __**CHEMICAL PROPERTIES**__ •Lutetium tarnishes slowly in air and burns at 150º C to form Lutetium Oxide. •Lutetium isn't flammable. •Lutetium reacts slowly with cold water and quickly with hot water. •Lutetium is used for alloys which is a partial solid solution of one or more elements in a metallic matrix. •Lutetium is very rare and very expensive.
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