Group+13

​ ​Jay E Group 13 Group 13 consists of all metals except Boron. Boron is a metalliod and is often found in glass and detergent. It is also a semi-conductor. Group 13 is all solids and they are all malleable. Also they are all metallic.Group 13 has similar amounts of electrons in their shells and that is 3 per shell. The Elements and Their Properties __**Boron**__: Boron is metallic and shiny, it is a solid. Boron conducts at certain temperatures and also has an atomic mass of 10.811. Its atomic number is 5. Boron has a freezing point of 2300° Celsius and a boiling point of 2550° Celsius. Its symbol is B. Boron has 11 isotopes that have known half-lives. 2 have stable half lives and those are B10 and B11. B10 is used in nuclear reactors.Boron is not soluble and combines with air to make boron trioxide. It is solid at room temperature.Boron's density is 2.34 grams per centimeter ³. Boron is flamibile and does not react with oxygen.

__**Aluminum**__: Aluminum is a solid that is a metallic silver color. Aluminum is ductile and has an atomic mass of 26.981. Its atomic number is 13. Aluminum's freezing point is 660.37° Celsius and its boiling point is 2467° Celsius. Its symbol is Al and it has 15 isotopes but only 2 of these isotopes occur naturally, 27Al has a stable half-live and 26Al is radioactive.When powder form aluminum is exposed to an open flame it will burst into a firey mess. In moist air aluminum will slowly mix with the oxygen and make aluminum oxide which prevents rust. Aluminum is solid at room temperature and is flamibile. It reacts highly with oxeygen and is not soluble. Aluminum has a density of 2.70 grams per centimeter ³.Used in foil and wire

__**Gallium**__ : Gallium is shiny white and is metallic. it is a solid at lower temperatures but when heated slightly above room temperature it will melt in your hand. Its atomic number is 31 and its freezing point is 29.764 degrees Celsius. Gallium has a boiling point of 2204 degrees. Its symbol is Ga and it has an atomic mass of 69.723. Gallium has 24 isotopes and 2 of these have stable half-lives and these are 69Ga and 71Ga. Gallium will mix with non-metals at high temperatures and will react with most acids. It is not very flamabile but is soluble. It is not ductile or very reactive to oxygen.used to wet glass and make a mirror type effect (like a glaze).

__**Indium**__ : Indium is a rare and soft solid. It is silvery-white and metallic. It is used in touch screens and liquid crystal displays. It has an atomic mass of 114.82. It can be cut with a knife it is so soft. Indium is malleable and has a melting point of 156.598 Degrees. Its boiling point is 2072 degrees and indium has the atomic number 49. Its symbol is In. It has 35 known isotopes but of these only 1 is stable and that is 113In.

__**Thallium**__ : Thallium is a shiny silver metallic element. It is a solid and has an atomic mass of 204.37. Thallium has a melting point of 304° Celsius and a boiling point of 1473°. Its atomic number is 81 and its symbol is TI. Thallium has 31 known isotopes but only 2 of these have stable half-lives. These are 205Ti and 203TI. Used in rat piosons History **__Boron__** : Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years and have been used as glazes in China since AD300. Boron was not consisdered an element until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard. Humphry was an English chemist and the two others were French. They all discovered it by mixing boric acid with patassium Then in 1824 Boron was officially determend an element.
 * __Aluminum__** : Aluminum is the third most ubundant element in the entire earth's crust and was discovered in 1825 by Hans Christian Øersted, a danish scientist that liked to experiment. Although alumimnum iron had already been discovered by Humphry Davy an English chemist. Øersted was the first to isolate it in Copenhagen,Denmark.


 * __Gallium__** : Gallium was discovered through a spectroscope in 1875 by a man named Paul - Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. he discovered it in Paris, France by isolating it with electrolysis of its hydroxide.(decompisistion)

Fun Facts 1.Gallium will attack other metals and will melt in your hand 2.Thallium is used in piosons 3.Boron compounds are used in nuclear energy 4.Every minute over 123,000 aluminum cans are recyceled



[] [] [] Introduction to Matter By Holt Science
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